Nepomuk/de

Semantic Search

The aim of this page is not to fully explain KDE's Semantic Search technology and every detail, but to give a short overview, some examples, share the vision behind it and link to relevant information on the web.

Baloo is the next generation of semantic search

From KDE Applications 4.13 onwards, the 'Baloo' file indexing and file search framework replaces Nepomuk. Read details on the changes for Applications 4.13 here. Semantic Search no longer uses a single, big database, but separate, specialized databases for each type of data. The new search databases are in $HOME/.local/share/baloo. If you upgraded to KDE Applications 4.13 from an earlier KDE release, you can delete $KDEHOME/share/apps/nepomuk.

Kurze Erklärung

As the Glossary mentions, Semantic Search is about classification, organisation and presentation of data. It is not an application, but a component which can be used by developers within applications.

Try out in Dolphin

For example, the Dolphin file manager makes use of Search. In KDE Applications versions prior to 4.13 Semantic Search must be enabled from System settings -> Desktop search. The information sidebar of Dolphin (Control -> Panels -> Information, or press F11) presents information extracted by Search about the selected file, and also allows you to assign tags, ratings and comments to files. This information is then stored and indexed by Search. You can then search for metadata using the navigation bar in Dolphin. Click to Find, or press Ctrl+F, and search for file names or file contents.

Funktionalitäten

KDE's Semantic Search offers several 'layers' of functionality to applications. The first and most simple of those is manual tagging, rating and commenting, as used in Dolphin. This helps you to find your files faster, but is also a lot of work.

To make finding files containing text easier, Search offers a second functionality: indexing the text of files. You can find files by entering some words which you know are in there, or just (part of) their title.

The third layer is a very complex one, and the reason why the underlying technology, Nepomuk, was conceived as a research project of several companies and universities in the European union. This is where you will find difficult words like 'semantic desktop' and 'ontologies'. Basically, it is about context and relationships.

Indexing files

Search does not index every file on the hard drive. Its default configuration in most Linux distributions excludes some common patterns for backup files and configuration directories. You can change this in System Settings -> Desktop Search. Add folders to be excluded. If you want to turn off indexing of files entirely, just add your home folder there.

In System Settings you can also control whether Search indexes files on removable media such as USB drives and CD-ROMs. In KDE Applications 4.13 this is not available, removable media are not indexed. Future versions are planned to reintroduce this functionality.

Beispiele

Let me try to explain what Semantic Search offers using two examples. These features are not available fully yet - the base is there but application developers need to integrate this in their applications.

Verwandtschaft

Angenommen, du hast von einem Freund vor zwei Wochen ein Foto bekommen. Du hast es irgendwo auf deinem Rechner gespeichert. Wie findest du nun diese Datei? Wenn du dich nicht an den Ort erinnerst, hast du Pech.

Now Semantic Search aims to help you. You know this file came from that friend of yours, your computer does not know. Search, however, can remember this relationship. Searching on the name of your friend will therefore pop up the photo!

Another potential relationship is between a web page you copied text from and the document you pasted it into, or two images showing the same car. Such relations can sometimes be extracted from the files themselves (you could analyze photos and see who or what is on there) or supplied by the applications involved (as in the above email example). This part of Search is still under heavy development, and needs integration in applications, so you can expect it to take a few more years to really shine.

All in all, this part of Semantic Search is about making search smart. Think about how Google tries to be smart with your searches: when you search for a hotel and a city name, it shows above the website results a google map showing hotels in the city you mentioned! It might even suggest a better name in case you made a spelling mistake. Google also tries to put the most relevant information on top of the list of results, using complex calculations on relationships (links) between websites. Semantic Search will be able to offer such smart results and order them on relevancy using relationship information.

Kontext

These relationships can not only help you while searching for files, but also have an influence on applications and what information they present. Note that this way of using Search is still more a vision than reality! Many of the components are in place, but it is not yet integrated in applications and the desktop as a whole.

Es folgt ein Beispiel, das dir durch den Kontext hilft, effizienter zu arbeiten.

Angenommen, du arbeitest an der Nachbearbeitung einiger Notizen, die du in einer Besprechung geschrieben hast. Das Telefon klingelt und jemand fragt dich nach einer Datei mit Preisen, und ob du sie für einen Kunden bearbeiten könntest. Nach ein paar weiteren Unterbrechungen ist dein Desktop voller Dateien und Fenster...

Es wäre schön, das alles ein wenig besser zu organisieren, oder?

Enter 'activities'. These have been introduced in Plasma, and currently offer different 'desktops'. They are a bit like virtual desktops, except that the desktop itself changes, not the set of applications. Different widgets, background, things like that. Of course, since Plasma 4.3, each virtual desktop can have its own activity, bringing the two in sync.

Wenn Applikationen und der Desktop sich der Aktivitäten bewusst wären, könnte man eine Aktivität für jede Aufgabe erstellen, an der man regelmäßig arbeitet. Wenn man also oft eine Tabellenkalkulation mit Preisen editieren muss, erstellt man hierfür eine Aktivität: einen oder mehrere Folder View-Widgets auf dem Desktop erstellen, einen Taschenrechner hinzufügen und ein Aufgaben-Widget, um das im Auge zu behalten, was man noch bearbeiten muss. Vielleicht sogar ein E-Mail-Widget, das die E-Mails anzeigt, die Fragen zu diesen Preislisten beinhalten.

Sobald jemand eine Frage zu diesen Preisen stellt, wechselt man zu dieser Aktivität, und startet das Tabellenkalkulationsprogramm. Dieses hat ebenfalls Zugriff auf die Aktivität, und zeigt dir die aktuellsten Preislisten, und nicht die Inventurliste aus einer anderen Aktivität. Kopete, das Chat-Programm zeigt den Kollegen an, der alles über Preise weiß, und die Person ist, mit der man immer chattet, wenn man in dieser Aktivität arbeitet.

Wenn man fertig ist, wechsele zurück in eine andere Aktivität, und alle Programme passen ihr Verhalten wiederum dem an, was man tut.

Die Vorzüge eines solchen aktivitätsbasierten Arbeitsprozesses gehen weiter als man auf den ersten Blick meinen könnte. Es hilft nicht nur dabei, Dateien und Kontaktpersonen zu finden, aber hilft auch, die Aufgabe selber zu wechseln. Das menschliche Gehirn ist nicht sonderlich gut darin, mehrere Dinge gleichzeitig zu machen - die meisten Menschen brauchen mehrere Minuten, um nach einem Aufgabenwechsel wieder Fahrt aufzunehmen. Die 'Umgebung' zu ändern, hilft eine Menge dabei, dieses zu beschleunigen, selbst wenn es sich nur um den Bildschirm handelt. Man vergleiche es damit, in Urlaubslaune zu kommen, indem man lediglich einen Koffer packt.

Natürlich ist all das eher relevant für Leute, die im Büro oder zu Hause an ihrem Rechner arbeiten. Für Spieler oder nur gelegentliche Benutzer würden solche Aktivitäten wahrscheinlich nicht sehr hilfreich sein.

The scenario described above is already partially implemented in the Activities but much work is still left.

Frequently Asked Questions

The following is taken from a KDE forums post. Please feel free to add/remove/modify details if you have the time!

What is the Nepomuk Semantic Desktop, and the Strigi Desktop File Indexer?

Nepomuk and Strigi are technologies part of what delivers the abilities of the Semantic Search in KDE. Both are not used directly in the latest generation of KDE's Semantic Search (details), however their successors share much of their code and concepts. Semantic Search provides a way to organize, annotate and build relationships among the data (not only file name and content, but for example which applications used a certain file, or how it is tagged). A number of KDE applications and workspaces use this basic infrastructure to deliver features such as email tagging (KMail) or activity setup (Plasma).

The file indexing allows applications such as Dolphin to search for files based on content, name, or other meta-data (e.g. tags) associated to indexed files. Such an indexer can also index non-text files, such as PDFs, by accessing the meta-data contained in these files (author, publication information, etc.). Some KDE components ship additional "analyzers" for more file types.

Why do we need both Akonadi and Semantic Search? Aren't they doing the same thing?

In short, Akonadi provides a cache of PIM data like calendar items, contacts and email, which is used by applications like KMail and Korganizer but also the calendar build in Plasma. Semantic Search plugs in Akonadi to provide search functionality. How Baloo offers search is actually up to the application. In case of KDE PIM, Xapian is used to provide indexing and search.

How can I disable the semantic desktop?

File indexing can be disabled by adding the users' home folder to the System Settings -> Desktop Search -> Do not search in these locations list. The other functionality is part of the applications that use it and thus can't be disabled without crippling these applications. For example, to not have any search in KMail you'll have to simply remove KMail...

In versions of the KDE Applications before 4.13, Semantic Search would have components running separate from applications. This functionality could be disabled by unchecking Enable Nepomuk File Indexer in the Desktop Search section of System Settings. In case you want to turn off all semantic features, uncheck Enable Nepomuk Semantic Desktop. Notice that this will turn off search in Dolphin as well.

Notice that with the latter option some programs who use Semantic Search for meta-data will offer reduced functionality: for example KMail will not be able to tag mail, or Plasma activities will not offer additional features such as icons, or program data information.

Baloo/Semantic Search is eating 100% CPU! What do I do?

Just wait. Certain files are very hard or even impossible to Index. At the moment, this includes for example text files of over 50 megabyte. When Search finds these, it will try for a fixed time. When it fails, it will try to find out what file is broken and disable indexing it in the future. As it indexes files in batches of about 40, it has to find the problematic file by indexing that bunch in parts: first half/second half, index problematic half in pieces again, until the file is found. This can take up to 30 minutes of heavy cpu usage. Unfortunately, while Baloo will not start to index a new batch of 40 files while on battery power, it continues to determine the broken file while on battery. This behaviour has been fixed in in KDE Applications 4.13.1 (it will stop indexing immediately when the power cord is unplugged) and the time the search for each file can take has been reduced to about 10 minutes. The Semantic Search team is working on improving the indexing tools to handle more difficult files.

Why do I have nepomukservicestub processes even though I've disabled Nepomuk?

It may be a bug. Please file a bug report with a complete description of your problem and the steps to trigger it.

File indexing of PDF/some other file types doesn't work.

PDF indexing is a known issue and it's being tracked in bug #231936. If you have issues with other files, open a bug, preferably adding a sample file that shows the problem.

The program nepomukservicestub crashes at startup.

A large number of fixes for crashes has been fixed for the 4.7.2 release of the KDE Workspaces and Applications. If you encounter more, please file bugs report with detailed instructions on how to reproduce the problem, as sometimes the developers are unable to trigger them in their test setups.

The virtuoso-t process hangs at 100% CPU.

Virtuoso-t is a key component of the old Semantic Search infrastructure and in some occasions the commands sent by the other components end up taking too much time (hence showing the effect of 100% CPU).

Virtuoso is no longer used by Semantic Search starting the Applications 4.13 release.

Sometimes Nepomuk consumes too much RAM.

Many of these problems have been fixed, in other cases however the developers are unable to reproduce the issues correctly. In this case, providing examples and test cases to bug reports increase the chances to get these bugs fixed.

Search accesses the disk too much on startup.

A throttling mechanism implemented in the file indexer, versions after KDE SC 4.8 should no longer have this issue.

My Search database has been corrupted. How do I clean it?

In the extreme case your database is really corrupted and all other attempts have failed, you can delete the $KDEHOME/share/apps/nepomuk directory (where $KDEHOME is usually .kde or .kde4 in your home directory) while Nepomuk is not running. The database will be cleared, but you will also lose existing information such as tags, ratings and comments.

Veröffentlichen und Privatsphäre

Eine Sache muss ich noch erwähnen, bevor ich auf andere Informationsquellen hinweise: das Veröffentlichen von Nepomukdaten. Es wäre von Vorteil, wenn man Tags, Bewertungen und Kommentare mit anderen teilen könnte, wenn man ihnen Dateien sendet. Wenn man jedoch eine Kontaktperson mit mehr oder weniger beleidigenden Tags ("langweilig im Bett") belegt hätte, würde man wahrscheinlich nicht wollen, dass dieser Tag mit versendet würde...

Dieser Umstand wird natürlich bedacht und ist ein wichtiger Aspekt in der Forschung um Nepomuk. Zur Zeit ist diese Privatsphäre zusammen mit den technischen Herausforderungen der Grund, dass Nepomukdaten privat sind. Es sei versichert, dass das Nepomukteam alles erdenkliche tut, damit deine Privatsphäre respektiert wird.

External links

The new Search technology (post KDE Applications 4.13):

• user information article on the dot
• Developer information on community.kde.org
• Wikipedia - Semantic Desktop

The old Search technology:

• Nepomuk pages for developers on KDE TechBase
• NEPOMUK KDE site
• Wikipedia - NEPOMUK Framework
• NEPOMUK website
• article explaining Nepomuk on the DOT
• Getting started user manual