Kdenlive/Підручник/Корисні відомості/Об'ємний звук

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Редагування об'ємного звуку за допомогою Kdenlive

At the time of writing, Kdenlive only supports rendering a project to a video containing stereo audio. It is not possible to render to more audio channels or to explicitly map audio tracks to channels in the rendered audio. In order to edit and create surround sound, some manual steps, including external tools, are required.

У нашому підручнику для прикладу використано 6-канальний об'ємний звук формату 5.1.

Зовнішні інструменти

  • Audacity — вільна програма для редагування і запису звуку
  • avconv — програма для перетворення відео та звукових даних
Note
Kdenlive uses ffmpeg, while on (k)ubuntu, ffmpeg is deprecated and avconv is used instead. So these (and possibly other) distributions already have avconv installed.


Створення об'ємного звуку

This guide describes one possible workaround using Audacity to create and render a 5.1 surround sound audio track that can be added to the video rendered by Kdenlive.

Note
More advanced features such as surround panning (i.e. let a sound move from rear to front) are beyond the capabilities of Audacity - but it is possible to create similar effects manually.


Створення і редагування об'ємного звуку за допомогою Audacity

У наведеному нижче прикладі використано простий об'ємний звук 5.1:

  • Якийсь оригінальний польовий запис спереду (стерео)
  • Якісь голосові дані (спереду) по центру (моно)
  • Якась музика ззаду (стерео)


If, like in this example, some original field recording from a video clip is supposed to be used to create the surround sound audio track, it can be easily extracted using Kdenlive with Extract Audio->Wav 48000Hz from the context menu of the clip. This creates a WAV audio file in the same folder where the video clip is located.

Звукові кліпи, які використано у цьому прикладі:

  • Field.wav (стерео) для передніх лівого і правого каналів
  • Voice.wav (моно) для центрального каналу
  • Music.mp3 (стерео) для об'ємного звуку лівого і правого каналів (ззаду)


In a new Audacity project, they can be imported in the above order with File->Import->Audio..., the project should now look something like this:

Прив'язка каналів для об'ємного звуку у форматі 5.1 є такою:

  • 1 — передній лівий
  • 2 — передній правий
  • 3 — центральний
  • 4 — низькочастотні ефекти (LFE)
  • 5 — об'ємний лівий
  • 6 — об'ємний правий


Note
LFE (Low Frequency Effects) is often referred to as "subwoofer channel", which is not quite correct. A surround sound speaker setup is perfectly valid without subwoofer. In this case the surround sound system will redirect the LFE channel to "large" speakers, usually the front speakers.


The stereo track "Field" can now be mapped to Front L+R, "Voice" to Center and "Music" to Surround L+R. There is just one problem: the Surround (rear) speakers of a surround speaker system are usually "small" and not able to reproduce low frequencies. So it would be necessary to map the low frequency range of the "Music" track to the LFE channel, otherwise the music might sound a little "thin".

To do this, the "Music" track can simply be duplicated with Edit->Duplicate after selecting it, and then Split Stereo to Mono from the context menu of the third track. Then one of the two mono tracks can be deleted; the other one can be renamed to "LFE".

Now the "Equalization..." effect could be used to cut off frequencies above around 100Hz from the "LFE" track, and reverse, cut off frequencies below around 100Hz from the "Music" track.

Note
Creating technically perfect surround sound is a science all its own and thus beyond the scope of this guide - please refer to respective resources on the web for details.


What remains for now is to make sure that the surround sound track has the same length as the video track it should be added to. The video track used in this example has a length of 1:00 minute, so the lengths of the audio tracks in Audacity are adjusted accordingly:

The Audacity project should now look something like this:

The next thing to do is to export the project to a multichannel 5.1 surround sound audio file. The format used here is AC-3 (Dolby Digital).

Before exporting, Audacity needs to be configured to allow exporting to a multichannel audio file: In Edit->Preferences, under Import/Export, select "Use custom mix (for example to export a 5.1 multichannel file)".

The project can now be exported into a 5.1 surround sound audio file:

  • Виберіть пункт меню Файл -> Експортувати...
  • Вкажіть у полі Назва назву і виберіть формат файли AC3 (FFmpeg)
  • Натисніть кнопку Параметри... і виберіть 512 кбіт/c у полі Бітова швидкість


The "Advanced Mixing Options" dialog should show up. The number of "Output Channels" should be 6 and the channel mapping should already be correct:

The result of the export should be an *.ac3 file which is playable with e.g. VLC or Dragon Player.

Мікшування відео та звуку

The final step is to add the surround sound audio track to the video track, assuming the video was rendered without audio.

Note
When muxing audio and video files into one file, the actual streams are just copied, and not transcoded. So there is no quality loss to either the audio or the video streams. Also, because the streams are just copied, muxing is very fast.


Assuming the video track was rendered to "Video.mkv" and the surround sound was exported to "5.1.ac3" the command to mux both to "Video-5.1.mkv" with avconv would be: 

avconv -i Video.mkv -i 5.1.ac3 -c copy -map 0:0 -map 1:0 Video-5.1.mkv

The result should be an MKV video containing a Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound audio track.

Editing Existing Surround Sound

When adding a clip with more than two channels to a project, Kdenlive creates an audio thumbnail that correctly shows all audio channels:

The clip can be edited and (audio) effects applied to it, and all appears to work just fine - but once rendering the project, it turns out that the audio track in the resulting video file is 2 channels (stereo) only.

The following steps provide a manual workaround for this issue.

Extract and Split the Audio Track

The first step is to extract the audio track from the video clip. This can be done in Kdenlive with Extract Audio->Wav 48000Hz from the context menu of the clip. This creates a WAV audio file in the same folder as where the video clip is located.

The extracted WAV audio file can then be opened in Audacity, it should show all 6 channels, these are:

  • 1 — передній лівий
  • 2 — передній правий
  • 3 — центральний
  • 4 — низькочастотні ефекти (LFE)
  • 5 — об'ємний лівий
  • 6 — об'ємний правий


Note
LFE (Low Frequency Effects) is often referred to as "subwoofer channel", which is not quite correct. A surround sound speaker setup is perfectly valid without subwoofer. In this case the surround sound system will redirect the LFE channel to "large" speakers, usually the front speakers.


The idea now is to split the surround sound into four separate (stereo/mono) audio files that Kdenlive can handle:

  • Передній (стерео)
  • Центральний (моно)
  • LFE (моно)
  • Об'ємний (стерео)


First, Audacity needs to be configured to not always export to stereo audio files: In Edit->Preferences, under Import/Export, select "Use custom mix (for example to export a 5.1 multichannel file)".

Now, tracks 1+2 and 5+6 should be turned into stereo tracks by choosing Make Stereo Track from the context menu of the 1st and the 5th track, respectively. This should result in 4 tracks, two stereo and two mono.

Next, the 4 tracks should be renamed to "Front", "Center", "LFE" and "Surround" starting from the top, using Name... from the context menu of each track.

Тепер доріжки виглядатимуть так:

After all this hard work, exporting the four tracks to four separate audio files is easy with File->Export Multiple.... Use "WAV" as "Export format", the rest of the settings should already be okay: "Split files based on: Tracks" and "Name files: Using Label/Track name".

The "Edit metadata" dialog might pop up for each track. It is fine to just say "OK". At the end there should be a confirmation dialog and four audio files should have been exported: "Front.wav", "Center.wav", "LFE.wav" and "Surround.wav".

Import Audio Tracks into Kdenlive

The previously created audio files can now be added to the Kdenlive project using Project->Add Clip.

SInce there are only two audio tracks in a project by default, it is necessary to add two more using Project->Tracks->Insert Track before adding the four audio tracks to the timeline.

The next thing to do is to group the four audio tracks with the video clip by selecting all of them and then choosing Timeline->Group Clips.


Note
Don't forget to mute the original audio track in the video clip if necessary!


The Kdenlive project should now be ready for the usual editing, like cutting clips and adding effects, and should look something like this:

Обробка даних проєкту

Since it is not possible to render the project with a surround sound audio track, some manual steps are necessary to work around this.

First, the video track needs to be rendered without audio. This is simply done by rendering the project as it would normally be done, but without audio, by deselecting the "Export audio" checkbox.

Then, each of the four surround sound audio tracks "Front.wav", "Center.wav", "LFE.wav" and "Surround.wav" needs to be rendered into a separate audio file. For each of them, do the following:

  • Mute all other audio tracks
  • Enter a respective file name for "Output file"
  • Select "Audio only" as "Destination"
  • Select profile "WAV 48000 KHz"
  • Make sure "Export audio" is checked


Note
Unfortunately, the mono tracks "Center.wav" and "LFE.wav" are rendered as stereo tracks, and there seems to be no way to avoid this. But this can be handled later in Audacity.


Compose a Surround Sound Audio File

Now the separate audio tracks rendered by Kdenlive need to be "merged" into a single multichannel 5.1 surround sound audio file. This is again done in Audacity:

  • Import "Front.wav", "Center.wav", "LFE.wav" and "Surround.wav" (in this order!) using File->Import->Audio...


"Center" and "LFE" are now stereo, which is not what is needed. This can be fixed by selecting Split Stereo to Mono from the context menu of each track, and deleting one of the two resulting mono tracks.

Eventually, there should be four tracks in the Audacity project:

  • Front (stereo)
  • Center (mono)
  • LFE (mono)
  • Surround (stereo)


The project can now be exported into a 5.1 surround sound audio file:

  • Select File->Export...
  • Provide a name for "Name" and select "AC3 Files (FFmpeg)"
  • Click Options... and choose "512 kbps" as "Bit Rate"


The Advanced Mixing Options dialog should show up. The number of Output Channels should be 6 and the channel mapping should already be correct:

The result of the export should be an *.ac3 file which is playable with i.e. VLC or Dragon Player.

Muxing Video and Audio Together

Since video and audio was rendered separately, both need to be multiplexed into a single file containing both the video and audio stream.

Note
When muxing audio and video files into one file, the actual streams are just copied, and not transcoded. So there is no quality loss to either the audio or the video streams. Also, because the streams are just copied, muxing is very fast.


Assuming the video track was rendered to "Video.mkv" and the surround sound was exported to "5.1.ac3", the command to mux both to "Video-5.1.mkv" with avconv would be: 

avconv -i Video.mkv -i 5.1.ac3 -c copy -map 0:0 -map 1:0 Video-5.1.mkv

The result should be an MKV video containing a Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound audio track.

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