Konversation/Скрипти/Підручник щодо скриптів

Other languages:

English
dansk
español
українська

Вступ

У Konversation передбачено вбудовану підтримку запуску зовнішніх скриптів на основі якої, разом з використанням D-Bus та власних методів D-Bus Konversation, уможливлює керування у найпоширеніших випадках використання скриптів, зокрема показ даних у поточному вікні балачки або керування іншими програмами або навіть самою програмою Konversation. На цій сторінці ви знайдете основі відомості щодо написання скриптів Konversation. Тут наведено лише основні початкові відомості. Дані з використання особливостей мов програмування та операційних систем ви можете здобути самі з відповідної навчальної літератури.

Вимоги

Все, що вам знадобиться, — це текстовий редактор і інтерпретатор мови програмування або скриптів. У Konversation передбачено підтримку будь-якої мови програмування, інтерпретатор якої задовольняє таким вимогам:

Може приймати і обробляти аргументи командного рядка (argv).
Може встановлювати з’єднання і викликати D-Bus або принаймні виконувати зовнішні системні виклики (зокрема виконання програми qdbus). Ймовірно, краще і безпечніше використовувати вбудовані прив’язки D-Bus, якщо такі є, а не виконання системних викликів для запуску qdbus.

У поточній версії перевірено працездатність скриптів мовами Python, BASH (або командної оболонки) та Perl. Приклади скриптів цими мовами є частиною пакунків з Konversation. Але ви можете скористатися будь-якою іншою мовою, яка задовольняє викладені вище вимоги. На цій сторінці всі приклади наведено мовою Python.

Завдання 1. Показ даних у поточному вікні спілкування

Ймовірно, найтиповішим сценарієм для скрипту є отримання певного тексту для показу його на поточній вкладці Konversation (каналі або особистому діалозі) з даними, які зазвичай надходять із зовнішнього джерела. Джерелом може бути сам скрипт, інша програма (як у скрипті media, включеному у Konversation) або дані інтернету (зокрема отримання даних щодо погоди і показу їх у Konversation). Яким би не було джерело, слід виконати три дії:

Отримати вхідні дані — отримати і обробити команду, надіслану користувачем з вікна Konversation.
Обробити дані — зібрати дані з джерела і обробити їх відповідно до надісланої користувачем команди.
Надіслати дані — повернути дані назад до Konversation за допомогою D-Bus.

The following is a nonsensical example of a Konversation script that roughly follows that pattern.

#!/usr/bin/env python
# mood - a Konversation script to display a witty remark based on the user's mood.
# Usage: /exec mood [mood_string]

import sys
import subprocess

command = ['qdbus', 'org.kde.konversation', '/irc']

argc = len(sys.argv)

if argc < 2:
    command.append("error")
    text = "Server required"
elif argc < 3:
    command.append("error")
    text = "Target required"
elif argc < 4:
    command.append("error")
    text = "No mood given"
else:
    server = sys.argv[1]
    target = sys.argv[2]
    mood   = sys.argv[3]

    if mood == "hungry":
        text = "Hungry! Anyone got a horse?"
    elif mood == "sleepy":
        text = "I yawn, therefore I am."
    elif mood == "gloomy":
        text = "Roses are red. Violets are blue, and so am I ..."
    elif mood == "happy":
        text = "Thinking happy thoughts (with a dash of pixie dust)."
    elif mood == "hyper":
        text = "Just a spoonful of sugar? I think I took a whole jar! *cartwheels*"
    elif mood == "excited":
        text = "Are we there yet? Are we there yet? Are we there yet?"
    else:
        text = "What were we talking about again?"

        command.append("say")
        command.append(server)
        command.append(target)

command.append(text)

subprocess.Popen(command).communicate()

Отримання вхідних даних

When Konversation calls an external script, it runs it with some predefined arguments, like this:

script_name server target [additional arguments ...]

Arguments are usually stored in a collection (a list or an array, depending on the language) called "argv" indexed from 0 to N, with N being the number of arguments.

argv[0] is always the script name itself. In most cases, it's safe to ignore this.
argv[1] is the address of the server the user is currently connected to. In case of multiple connected servers, this will always be the server to which the channel or query window is connected to.
argv[2] is the target, the name of the chat window where the command to run the script came from which, more often than not, would be the same window where output would be displayed. Of course, you can always change this.
argv[3] to argv[N] will be any additional arguments that would be sent by the user calling the script through Konversation. This can be anything from flags to enable/disable options in the script or data or text that can be displayed in the output of the script. Not all scripts have additional arguments, like the uptime and sysinfo scripts.

Remember

Even if your script doesn't require additional arguments or even if the user didn't supply them, Konversation will always send the system and target arguments. Meaning, argv[1] and argv[2] will always be set. The minimum argument count will always be 3 (remember, indexing starts at 0).

Обробка даних

In the example script, the mood variable, supplied by the user in argv[3] of the script, is compared to predefined values and the appropriate remark is assigned to the text variable. This is a simple example of data processing. You can also fetch data from a predefined data source, like the fortune script. Or assemble information coming from the operating system, such as done in the sysinfo script. Whatever information or text you need to be displayed in Konversation, you create that here.

Warning

A word of caution: Be careful when creating multi-line text output, as your server or the channel you're sending to may have anti-flooding policies. When dealing with a potentially large, it might be best to have it displayed in another way (like in a text editor).

Now that the needed information is processed and assembled, it's time to prepare it for sending back into Konversation, which is discussed in the next section.

Надсилання вихідних даних

Controlling Konversation externally, like through a script or the command-line, involves using its D-Bus methods. Konversation has several of them, including a group whose purpose is to display messages. Sending D-Bus messages can be tedious. Fortunately, Qt provides a much easier way of doing that, using the helper program "qdbus". Without going into much detail, all the D-Bus commands we will be sending to make Konversation display messages starts with this string: qdbus org.kde.konversation /irc

Depending on what kind of message the script will be sending, additional options will be added to that command. Here are but a few examples:

 qdbus org.kde.konversation /irc say server target message

This is probably the command that will be most commonly used. It sends message to the chat window target connected to server. If you want the message to be sent to the same chat window where the script was called from, use argv[1] and argv[2] for server and target, respectively. Of course you can always change the target to any channel or nick you want in that server.

 qdbus org.kde.konversation /irc error message

This displays the message in the same chat window where the script was invoked. The difference is that the message isn't actually sent to the IRC server and is only visible to the user. The message is also formatted as something like "[D-Bus] Error: message". Useful for informing the user about errors in using the script or if something fails in the script. It doesn't need a server or a target.

 qdbus org.kde.konversation /irc sayToAll message

Sends the message to all channels and query windows in all servers. Please use sparingly and observe proper netiquette. It doesn't require a server and a target.

 qdbus org.kde.konversation /irc actionToAll message

sayToAll's action sibling. Sends the message to all channels and query windows in all servers BUT prepends "/me" to the actual message, resulting in displaying something like "*YourNick message*". Again, netiquette applies.

Note

To send an action ("/me") message only to the current chat window (where the script was called from), compose the actual message as "/me message" and use the say variant of the command (first one in this list if you got lost

).

There are other /irc related qdbus commands, some of which change the user's status instead of displaying the command. Feel free to explore other possibilities. Another Qt helper program, "qdbusviewer", provides a graphical interface for browsing through the available commands for Konversation and other "D-Bus aware" programs. You will probably need it a lot especially for the second scripting scenario discussed later.

Запуск скрипту

Now it's time to actually make the script run in Konversation. Here are the steps:

Make your script executable.

chmod +x script_name does it all. It would be better to not include extensions (.sh, .py, .pl, etc.) in your filename, to make it easier to call the script.

Place the script in either one of two folders:
- If you want your script to be available all users in your system, put the script together with the other scripts installed with Konversation. This may vary from distro to distro (or your own personal tinkering), but common a location is /usr/share/apps/konversation/scripts/. In case it's not there, get the output of the command kde4-config --install data and append /konversation/scripts/ to it. Consult your distribution's support channel if it's still not there.
- If you want the script just for yourself, simply place the script in ~/.kde/share/apps/konversation/scripts/. Some distros might still be using ~/.kde4/ instead so adjust accordingly.
- Post version 1.3.1 note: another way to find out where the installed scripts are is to run this command in Konversation's input line (using the media script as an example, since it comes with any Konversation installation): /exec --showpath media. Note that if there are two scripts with the same name in the user's home and in the system locations, the one in the user's home will take precedence and be the one shown here.
To actually run the script, you need to invoke it by running this command in Konversation's input line:

/exec script_name [additional arguments]

This will call your script and pass the arguments to it. Remember that your script_name is always argv[0], and that the current server and chat window are passed as argv[1] and argv[2], even if you didn't include them in your command. Therefore, any additional arguments would be argv[3] and so on.

For convenience, you can create a command alias in Konversation so that you can invoke your script simply using /script_name instead of the actual syntax given above. To manually do this, Go to Settings -> Configure Konversation -> Command Aliases page. Click on the New button and enter "script_name" as the Alias and "/exec script_name" as the Replacement. So next time you need to run your script, you can simply do use /script_name [arguments]
Alternately, whenever Konversation is started, it automatically creates a command alias of "/script_name" for "/exec script_name" for every script it finds in the scripts/ directories mentioned earlier.

For the previous example, the script is named "mood" and can be invoked either using /mood [mood] or /exec mood [mood], like:

/mood gloomy

That's basically all you need to know to make a Konversation script. To make it a bit more interesting, let's have an example of another common scripting scenario.

Завдання 2. Керування зовнішньою програмою з вікна Konversation

Thanks to D-Bus, and the fact that a lot of KDE applications have D-Bus methods, you can control any KDE application right from within Konversation. Even without D-Bus, you can let your script start, stop, or possibly even control other applications simply with a command in Konversation. This lets you do a lot of things, like sending a command to a terminal emulator, opening a bug report in a browser provding only the report number (like the bug script), or simply running a system command (and probably displaying the results of that command, as the cmd script does).

The following script performs the first example. It first makes Yakuake visible and then runs the command supplied by the user. The script is rather simple and doesn't involve displaying anything back to the user, except in the case of an error when calling the script itself.

#!/usr/bin/env python
# yakrun — скрипт Konversation, який виконує вказану користувачем команду у Yakuake і перемикає стан Yakuake
# Використання: /exec yakrun [команда]

import sys
import subprocess

errorCommand  = ['qdbus', 'org.kde.konversation', '/irc', 'error']
toggleCommand = ['qdbus', 'org.kde.yakuake', '/yakuake/window', 'toggleWindowState']
runCommand    = ['qdbus', 'org.kde.yakuake', '/yakuake/sessions', 'runCommand']

argc = len(sys.argv)

if argc < 4:
    text = "Не вказано команди."

    errorCommand.append(text)

    subprocess.Popen(errorCommand).communicate()
else:
    command = " ".join(sys.argv[3:])

    runCommand.append(command)

    subprocess.Popen(toggleCommand).communicate()
    subprocess.Popen(runCommand).communicate()

Нотатки щодо використання певних мов

Be careful when processing arguments and assembling them into a single string with spaces, which might be more error-prone in some languages, such as BASH.